The state has sovereignty over everything within its territory, owns everything that lies beneath its soil, and all the water, mineral, and oil resources that result from it. It owns rivers, springs, lakes, inland seas, and the coastline, in addition to the areas adjacent to it, such as maritime borders. All of these fall within the state's sovereignty, and it must protect them according to precise calculations that are subject to the laws of the United Nations and international and regional organizations.

The State also exercises sovereignty over the airspace above it, and it is its duty to protect it. It also has the right to regulate air traffic therein in accordance with its interests and security, and in accordance with the treaties concluded between it and other States with the aim of achieving their common interest.