The Battle of Hunayn did not receive the same attention and celebration as the Battles of Badr and Uhud, for example, despite its unique circumstances and its difference in nature and objectives from all previous battles in early Islam. Hunayn was a preemptive battle; the Prophet wanted to preempt the Hawazin tribe, who had decided to assist Thaqif in attacking Mecca to strike at the nascent power there. The conquest of Mecca meant the unification of Yathrib and Mecca under the Prophet's leadership, which threatened the status and influence of other nearby regions and tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. There was a historical rivalry between Mecca and Taif. Taif was a distinguished agricultural city, and also a commercial one. In addition, Taif had a house of worship that rivaled the Kaaba, frequented by Arabs of the Peninsula, and maintained commercial and religious ties with nearby Yemen, which ensured its distinguished position. Now, after the conquest of Mecca, and the Prophet's success in uniting Mecca and Yathrib, and the rising voice of the Muslims, the future belonged to the Kaaba and its visitors, and the economic and commercial situation would favor Mecca and the new religion. Thus, the people of Taif decided to prepare for the invasion of Mecca, to strike down this new model and destroy the rising power. The details of this battle, and what happened after the war ended, are what this book focuses on. It is an attempt to provide a historical and analytical reading of it, and we will certainly find much in it that benefits us culturally, civilly, and politically today.