Humanity's History

Author: Arnold Toynbee

In this book, the great British historian Arnold Toynbee chronicles the events that have shaped our history from the third century to the present day.
He studies the early civilizations in Mesopotamia, such as Sumerian and Babylonian, as well as those in the Levant, Persia, ancient Egypt, and Greece. He then moves on to Mesoamerican, Roman, Western Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Persian, Chinese, and Indian civilizations, and the rise of nationalist movements in Europe.
In the latter sections of the book, Toynbee clearly highlights his "philosophy of history" and his concept of "Oikoumene," the new integrated world brought about by the openness, blending, and convergence of civilizations.