This is the first scientific study of Babylonian civilization in the Arabic language. It sheds light, with information, explanation, and analysis, on the fifteen components of this civilization. The material elements are manifested in their tangible legacy in the aspects (geography, politics, military, economics, material and energy, and science), and their cultural elements are paralleled in the historical, legal, civil, literary-intellectual, psychological, religious, and artistic aspects. These elements form the two sides of the civilization's scale, whose balance is controlled by (morals) and the balance of its material and cultural elements. Each of these elements is examined in the finest detail in a chapter of the book. To complete the picture of Babylonian civilization, an introductory chapter was necessary, introducing Babylon, its peoples and names, the science and specialized studies that investigated it, and the scholars who contributed. A concluding chapter was also necessary, calibrating, evaluating, and critiquing this civilization and exploring its uniqueness. The seventeen chapters of the book provide a picture of Babylonian civilization that no other books in this field have presented with such diversity and depth. Therefore, we say that this is a new book in every sense of the word, and a unique book in its field. The unfortunate image presented by the three Abrahamic religions of Babylon contradicts the reality of Babylon in every civilizational respect. Throughout the long past, spanning some 2,000 years, and up until about a century and a half ago, the image of Babylon in the Bible dominated the minds of people in the East and West. Babylon was a land of magic and astrology, ruled by an evil world teeming with demons, goblins, exorcists, and sorcerers. Babylon faded, but its adulterous and licentious image painted by these religions did not fade. This image was only changed by archaeologists, who, starting in the mid-nineteenth century, began to reveal the truth about Babylon and its civilization. Not only did the picture change, but Westerners were shocked when they learned that the Holy Book, which satirized and reviled Babylon, had its roots and religious material planted there specifically. Then this farce ended when they learned that the authors of the Torah and the Talmud wrote in Babylon, copying its heritage and attributing this heritage to themselves and to a people who had no features until they inhabited Babylon and lived off its natural, economic and intellectual resources, and formed their religion there.